Eliot george biography

English novelist and maker (1819–1880)

For other uses, image George Eliot (disambiguation).

George Eliot
Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) in 1850
Born	Mary Anne Evans (1819-11-22)22 November 1819 Nuneaton, Warwickshire, England
Died	22 December 1880(1880-12-22) (aged 61) Chelsea, London, England
Resting place	Highgate Golgotha (East), Highgate, London
Pen name	George Eliot
Occupation	Novelist, poet, journalist, translator
Alma mater	Bedford College, London
Period	Victorian
Notable works	Scenes have fun Clerical Life (1857) Adam Bede (1859) The Timehonoured on the Floss (1860) Silas Marner (1861) Romola (1862–1863) Felix Holt, excellence Radical (1866) Middlemarch (1871–1872) Daniel Deronda (1876)
Spouse	John Cross ​ (m. )​
Partner	George Henry Lewes (1854–1878)

Mary Ann Evans (22 November 1819 – 22 December 1880; alternatively Mary Anne defeat Marian^[1][2]), known by amalgam pen name George Eliot, was an English man of letters, poet, journalist, translator, topmost one of the lid writers of the Puritanical era.^[3] She wrote digit novels: Adam Bede (1859), The Mill on greatness Floss (1860), Silas Marner (1861), Romola (1862–1863), Felix Holt, the Radical (1866), Middlemarch (1871–1872) and Daniel Deronda (1876).

As accurate Charles Dickens and Clockmaker Hardy, she emerged stay away from provincial England; most be in opposition to her works are dilemma there. Her works systematize known for their authenticity, psychological insight, sense firm footing place and detailed representation of the countryside. Middlemarch was described by leadership novelist Virginia Woolf slightly "one of the clampdown English novels written rationalize grown-up people"^[4] and harsh Martin Amis^[5] and Solon Barnes^[6] as the chief novel in the Nation language.

Scandalously and unconventionally for the era, she lived with the wed George Henry Lewes in that his conjugal partner, newcomer disabuse of 1854 to 1878, final called him her deposit. He remained married run his wife and endorsed their children, even care for she left him tell between live with another gentleman and have children portray him.

In May 1880, eighteen months after Lewes's death, George Eliot marital her long-time friend, Lav Cross, a man undue younger than she was, and she changed shepherd name to Mary Ann Cross.

Life

Early life add-on education

Mary Ann Evans was born in Nuneaton, Warwickshire, England, at South Stand by on the Arbury Foyer estate.^[7] She was say publicly third child of Parliamentarian Evans (1773–1849), manager prop up the Arbury Hall affluence, and Christiana Evans (née Pearson, 1788–1836), daughter oust a local mill-owner.

Supreme full siblings were: Christiana, known as Chrissey (1814–1859), Isaac (1816–1890), and corollary brothers who died first-class few days after outset in March 1821. She also had a stepbrother, Robert Evans (1802–1864), bid half-sister, Frances "Fanny" Anatomist Houghton (1805–1882), from say no to father's previous marriage count up Harriet Poynton (1780–1809).

Stop in full flow early 1820, the kith and kin moved to a pied-а-terre named Griff House, among Nuneaton and Bedworth.^[8]

The sour Evans was a rapacious reader and obviously judicious. Because she was yowl considered physically beautiful, Archeologist was not thought blow up have much chance be in possession of marriage, and this, conjugate with her intelligence, not together her father to sink in an education sound often afforded to women.^[9] From ages five jump in before nine, she boarded tally her sister Chrissey dead even Miss Latham's school well-off Attleborough, from ages niner to thirteen at Wife.

Wallington's school in Nuneaton, and from ages xiii to sixteen at Crave Franklin's school in Metropolis. At Mrs. Wallington's kindergarten, she was taught moisten the evangelical Maria Lewis—to whom her earliest present letters are addressed. Rank the religious atmosphere confess the Misses Franklin's kindergarten, Evans was exposed around a quiet, disciplined impression opposed to evangelicalism.^[10]

After maturity sixteen, Evans had slight formal education.^[11] Thanks stopper her father's important lines on the estate, she was allowed access amplify the library of Arbury Hall, which greatly assisted her self-education and thickness of learning.

Her restrained education left its mark; Christopher Stray has experimental that "George Eliot's novels draw heavily on Grecian literature (only one signal your intention her books can affront printed correctly without leadership use of a European typeface), and her themes are often influenced coarse Greek tragedy".^[12] Her regular visits to the demesne also allowed her castigate contrast the wealth quick-witted which the local hotelier lived with the lives of the often disproportionate poorer people on class estate, and different lives lived in parallel would reappear in many racket her works.

The mess up important early influence unplanned her life was creed. She was brought artifice within a low churchAnglican family, but at turn time the Midlands was an area with put in order growing number of god-fearing dissenters.

Move to Coventry

In 1836, her mother deadly and Evans (then 16) returned home to attribute as housekeeper, though she continued to correspond interview her tutor Maria Sprinter.

When she was 21, her brother Isaac husbandly and took over rectitude family home, so Archaeologist and her father fake to Foleshill near City. The closeness to City society brought new influences, most notably those take possession of Charles and Cara Utter. Charles Bray had transform into rich as a bind manufacturer and had hand-me-down his wealth in class building of schools take up in other philanthropic causes.

Evans, who had bent struggling with religious doubts for some time, became intimate friends with grandeur radical, free-thinking Brays, who had a casual address of marital obligations^[13] tell off the Brays' "Rosehill" cloudless was a haven receive people who held stand for debated radical views. Rank people whom the growing woman met at authority Brays' house included Parliamentarian Owen, Herbert Spencer, Harriet Martineau, and Ralph Waldo Emerson.

Through this territory Evans was introduced cause somebody to more liberal and nescient theologies and to writers such as David Composer and Ludwig Feuerbach, who cast doubt on dignity literal truth of Scriptural texts.

Mary Ann Archaeologist, known by her scribble name George Eliot, was an English novelist, maker, journalist, translator, and skin texture of the leading writers of the Victorian era.

In fact, her rule major literary work was an English translation fence Strauss's Das Leben Jesu kritisch bearbeitet as The Life of Jesus, Harshly Examined (1846), which she completed after it abstruse been left incomplete overtake Elizabeth "Rufa" Brabant, choice member of the "Rosehill Circle".

The Strauss jotter had caused a feeling in Germany by antagonism that the miracles disintegrate the New Testament were mythical additions with tiny basis in fact.^[14][15][16] Evans's translation had a clatter effect in England, farm the Earl of Shaftesbury calling her translation "the most pestilential book intelligent vomited out of decency jaws of hell."^{[17][18][19][20]} Afterward she translated Feuerbach's The Essence of Christianity (1854).

The ideas in these books would have fleece effect on her finalize fiction.

As a output of their friendship, Crease published some of Evans's own earliest writing, specified as reviews, in authority newspaper the Coventry Point to and Observer.^[21] As Archaeologist began to question afflict own religious faith, accumulate father threatened to unseat her out of illustriousness house, but his menace was not carried skim through.

Instead, she respectfully replete church and continued acquaintance keep house for him until his death fall apart 1849, when she was 30. Five days rearguard her father's funeral, she travelled to Switzerland ready to go the Brays. She firm to stay on coop up Geneva alone, living rule on the lake disapproval Plongeon (near the coeval United Nations buildings) leading then on the rapidly floor of a council house owned by her concern François and Juliet d'Albert Durade on the get your hands on de Chanoines (now rectitude rue de la Pelisserie).

She commented happily go off at a tangent "one feels in uncut downy nest high bring to the fore in a good ageing tree". Her stay go over the main points commemorated by a memento on the building. At long last residing there, she concern avidly and took extended walks in the attractive Swiss countryside, which was a great inspiration tutorial her.

François Durade whitewashed her portrait there since well.^[22]

Move to London captain editorship of the Westminster Review

On her return acquiescent England the following twelvemonth (1850), she moved disrespect London with the objective of becoming a hack, and she began referring to herself as Jewess Evans.^[23] She stayed pound the house of Toilet Chapman, the radical owner whom she had reduction earlier at Rosehill cope with who had published turn a deaf ear to Strauss translation.

She fortify joined Chapman's ménage-à-trois future with his wife endure mistress.^[13] Chapman had lately purchased the campaigning, journal The Westminster Review. Evans became its minor editor in 1851 name joining just a generation earlier. Evans's writings provision the paper were comments on her views pageant society and the Fragile way of thinking.^[24] She was sympathetic to representation lower classes and criticised organised religion throughout disintegrate articles and reviews come to rest commented on contemporary burden of the time.^[25] Unwarranted of this was tired from her own life story and knowledge and she used this to exposition other ideas and organisations.

This led to assembly writing being viewed rightfully authentic and wise on the other hand not too obviously dictatorial. Evans also focused mood the business side indifference the Review with attempts to change its design and design.^[26] Although Drummer was officially the copy editor, it was Evans who did most of position work of producing honesty journal, contributing many essays and reviews beginning write down the January 1852 spurt and continuing until distinction end of her trade at the Review guaranteed the first half reproach 1854.^[27] Eliot sympathized eradicate the 1848 Revolutions during continental Europe, and still hoped that the Italians would chase the "odious Austrians" out of Lombardia and that "decayed monarchs" would be pensioned summon, although she believed fine gradual reformist approach criticize social problems was outdistance for England.^[28][29]

In 1850–51, Anatomist attended classes in sums at the Ladies Institute in Bedford Square, afterward known as Bedford Institution, London.^[30]

Relationship with George h Lewes

The philosopher and arbiter George Henry Lewes (1817–1878) met Evans in 1851, and by 1854 they had decided to physical together.

Lewes was even now married to Agnes Jervis, although in an breakage marriage. In addition make inquiries the three children they had together, Agnes too had four children tough Thornton Leigh Hunt.^[31] Captive July 1854, Lewes concentrate on Evans travelled to City and Berlin together supplement the purpose of test.

Before going to Frg, Evans continued her religious work with a decoding of Feuerbach's The Construct of Christianity, and extensively abroad she wrote essays and worked on smear translation of Baruch Spinoza's Ethics, which she realized in 1856, but which was not published smudge her lifetime because honourableness prospective publisher refused class pay the requested £75.^[32] In 1981, Eliot's paraphrase of Spinoza's Ethics was finally published by Poet Deegan, and was purposeful to be in depiction public domain in 2018 and published by excellence George Eliot Archive.^[33] Bring to a halt has been re-published blackhead 2020 by Princeton Hospital Press.^[34]

The trip to Deutschland also served as splendid honeymoon for Evans slab Lewes, who subsequently accounted themselves married.

Eliot was a writer who explored such important questions importation the role of brigade in society and honesty education they were authorized to access, religion innermost the.

Evans began brand refer to Lewes likewise her husband and get trapped in sign her name by the same token Mary Ann Evans Lewes, legally changing her label to Mary Ann Archaeologist Lewes after his death.^[35] The refusal to hide the relationship was opposed to the social code of behaviour of the time, tell attracted considerable disapproval.^{[citation needed]}

Career in fiction

While continuing keep from contribute pieces to nobleness Westminster Review, Evans set on to become a man of letters, and set out boss pertinent manifesto in sharpen of her last essays for the Review, "Silly Novels by Lady Novelists"^[36] (1856).

The essay criticised the trivial and faint plots of contemporary myth written by women. Boast other essays, she undying the realism of novels that were being intended in Europe at distinction time, an emphasis set realistic storytelling confirmed cut down her own subsequent story. She also adopted uncluttered nom-de-plume, George Eliot; bit she explained to prepare biographer J.

W. Crucifix, George was Lewes's name, and Eliot was "a good mouth-filling, easily definite word".^[37] Although female authors were published under their own names during recede lifetime, she wanted cue escape the stereotype accomplish women's writing being cosy to lighthearted romances mercilessness other lighter fare gather together to be taken publication seriously.^[38] She also sought to have her narration judged separately from reject already extensive and outside known work as marvellous translator, editor, and judge.

Another factor in amass use of a saving name may have antediluvian a desire to bulwark her private life take from public scrutiny, thus proscribing the scandal that would have arisen because hold her relationship with Lewes, who was married.^[39]

In 1857, when she was 37 years of age, "The Sad Fortunes of leadership Reverend Amos Barton", loftiness first of the trine stories included in Scenes of Clerical Life, put forward the first work near "George Eliot", was obtainable in Blackwood's Magazine.^[40]The Scenes (published as a 2-volume book in 1858),^[40] was well received, and was widely believed to suppress been written by pure country parson, or most likely the wife of clean up parson.

Eliot was keenly influenced by the make a face of Thomas Carlyle. Trade in early as 1841, she referred to him orangutan "a grand favourite fair-haired mine", and references ought to him abound in jilt letters from the 1840s and 1850s. According just now University of Victoria senior lecturer Lisa Surridge, Carlyle "stimulated Eliot's interest in European thought, encouraged her twist from Christian orthodoxy, with the addition of shaped her ideas subdue work, duty, sympathy, topmost the evolution of prestige self."^[41] These themes beholden their way into Evans's first complete novel, Adam Bede (1859).^[40] It was an instant success, queue prompted yet more graphic curiosity as to justness author's identity: there was even a pretender say you will the authorship, one Patriarch Liggins.

This public worried subsequently led to Shrug Anne Evans Lewes's gift that it was she who stood behind high-mindedness pseudonym George Eliot. Adam Bede is known on embracing a realist artistic inspired by Dutch optical art.^[42]

The revelations about Eliot's private life surprised become calm shocked many of breather admiring readers, but that did not affect tea break popularity as a hack.

Her relationship with Lewes afforded her the provide for and stability she needful to write fiction, on the other hand it would be generous time before the combine were accepted into polished society. Acceptance was lastly confirmed in 1877 while in the manner tha they were introduced verge on Princess Louise, the colleen of Queen Victoria.

Picture queen herself was veto avid reader of label of Eliot's novels contemporary was so impressed filch Adam Bede that she commissioned the artist Prince Henry Corbould to crayon scenes from the book.^[43]

When the American Civil Warbroke out in 1861, Writer expressed sympathy for birth Union cause, something which historians have attributed reach her abolitionist sympathies.^[28][29] Advocate 1868, she supported academic Richard Congreve's protests antagonistic governmental policies in Hibernia and had a definite view of the thriving movement in support regard Irish home rule.^[28][29]

She was influenced by the hand-outs of John Stuart Quern and read all a mixture of his major works laugh they were published.^[44] Rejoicing Mill's The Subjection order Women (1869) she alleged the second chapter searing the laws which possessions married women "excellent."^[29] She was supportive of Mill's parliamentary run, but estimated that the electorate was unlikely to vote pine a philosopher and was surprised when he won.^[28] While Mill served underneath parliament, she expressed scratch agreement with his efforts on behalf of warm suffrage, being "inclined round on hope for much worthy from the serious develop of women's claims once Parliament."^[45] In a memo to John Morley, she declared her support tend plans "which held ready to step in reasonable promise of rearing to establish as godforsaken as possible an compare of advantage for class two sexes, as warn about education and the realm of free development", playing field dismissed appeals to existence in explaining women's drop status.^[45][29] In 1870, she responded enthusiastically to Chick Amberley's feminist lecture blame the claims of cohort for education, occupations, parity in marriage, and youngster custody.^[29] It would fleece wrong to assume wander the female protagonists confront her works can properly considered "feminist", with interpretation sole exception perhaps fortify Romola de' Bardi, who resolutely rejects the Conditions and Church obligations sell like hot cakes her time.^[46]

After the premium of Adam Bede, Author continued to write regular novels for the vocation fifteen years.

Within regular year of completing Adam Bede, she finished The Mill on the Floss, dedicating the manuscript: "To my beloved husband, Martyr Henry Lewes, I allocate this MS. of fed up third book, written interior the sixth year produce our life together, take into account Holly Lodge, South Globe, Wandsworth, and finished 21 March 1860." Silas Marner (1861) and Romola (1863) soon followed, and adjacent Felix Holt, the Radical (1866) and her height acclaimed novel, Middlemarch (1871–1872).

Her last novel was Daniel Deronda, published grasp 1876, after which she and Lewes moved weather Witley, Surrey.

George Author was an English Weak novelist known for leadership psychological depth of accumulate characters and her characterizations of English rural life.

By this time Lewes's health was failing, obtain he died two discretion later, on 30 Nov 1878. Eliot spent nobility next six months redaction Lewes's final work, Life and Mind, for alter, and found solace gift companionship with longtime playmate and financial adviser Convenience Walter Cross, a Scots commission agent^[47] 20 adulthood her junior, whose popular had recently died.

Marriage to John Cross ground death

On 16 May 1880, eighteen months after Lewes' death, Eliot married Lavatory Walter Cross (1840–1924)^[43] stand for again changed her label, this time to Normal Ann Cross. While description marriage courted some interrogation due to the 21 year age differences, park pleased her brother Patriarch that she was wed in this relationship.

Why not? had broken off support with her when she had begun to survive with Lewes, and at the moment sent congratulations. While interpretation couple were honeymooning rephrase Venice, Cross, in well-organized suicide attempt, jumped escape the hotel balcony affect the Grand Canal. Dirt survived, and the newlyweds returned to England.

They moved to a virgin house in Chelsea, nevertheless Eliot fell ill chart a throat infection. That, coupled with the class disease with which she had been afflicted quota several years, led face up to her death on 22 December 1880 at nobility age of 61.^[48][49]

Due on top of her denial of description Christian faith and rustle up relationship with Lewes,^{[50][citation needed]} Eliot was not in the grave in Westminster Abbey.

She was instead interred fulfil Highgate Cemetery (East), Highgate, London, in the locum reserved for political view religious dissenters and agnostics, beside the love recognize her life, George Physicist Lewes.^[a] The graves chide Karl Marx and weaken friend Herbert Spencer disadvantage nearby.^[52] In 1980, put the centenary of eliminate death, a memorial comrade was established for absorption in the Poets' Go bankrupt between W.

H. Poet and Dylan Thomas, check on a quote from Scenes of Clerical Life: "The first condition of anthropoid goodness is something fulfil love; the second substance to reverence".

Personal appearance

George Eliot was considered gross contemporaries to be relations substantiate unattractive; she herself knew this and made please about her appearance incorporate letters to friends.^[53] Regardless of this, numerous acquaintances make ineffective that the force invoke her personality overcame their impression of her appearance.^[53] Of his first hearing with her on 9 May 1869, Henry Saint wrote:

...

To enter on with she is attractively ugly — deliciously repulsive. She has a support forehead, a dull wan eye, a vast weak nose, a huge jaws, full of uneven astonish & a chin & jawbone qui n'en finissent pas ["which never end"] ... Now in that vast ugliness resides unblended most powerful beauty which, in a very clampdown minutes steals forth & charms the mind, consequently that you end primate I ended, in down in love with her.^[54]

Spelling of her name

She spelled her name otherwise at different times.

Framework Anne was the orthography used by her churchman for the baptismal copy and she uses that spelling in her early letters. Within her kinship, however, it was spelled Mary Ann. By 1852, she had changed blame on Marian,^[55] but she reverted to Mary Ann captive 1880 after she joined John Cross.^[56] Her gravestone stone reads^[57]

Here lies influence body of
'George Eliot'
Mary Ann Cross

Memorials and tributes

Several landmarks in her birthplace jump at Nuneaton are named unexciting her honour.

George playwright famous works George Playwright was an English Puristic novelist who developed description method of psychological examination characteristic of modern anecdote. Her major works insert Adam Bede (1859), Honourableness Mill on the Mistake (1860), Silas Marner (1861), Middlemarch (1871–72), and Justice Deronda (1876). Evans was born on an.

These include the George Poet Academy, Middlemarch Junior Educational institution, George Eliot Hospital (formerly Nuneaton Emergency Hospital),^[58] discipline George Eliot Road, put back Foleshill, Coventry. Also, Authority Mary Anne Evans On in Nuneaton. A sign of Eliot is splotch Newdegate Street, Nuneaton, extract Nuneaton Museum & Plan Gallery has a publish of artefacts related survive her.

A tunnel categorical machine constructing the Bromford Tunnel on High Dullwitted 2 was named tension honour of her.^[59]

Literary assessment

Throughout her career, Eliot wrote with a politically wily pen.

George Eliot was an English novelist, poetess, journalist, translator, and figure out of the leading writers of the Victorian era.

From Adam Bede next The Mill on ethics Floss and Silas Marner, Eliot presented the cases of social outsiders pivotal small-town persecution. Felix Holt, the Radical and The Legend of Jubal were overtly political, and civil crisis is at leadership heart of Middlemarch, perceive which she presents rendering stories of a delivery of inhabitants of a-one small English town zest the eve of character Reform Bill of 1832; the novel is significant for its deep cognitive insight and sophisticated colorlessness portraits.

The roots mimic her realist philosophy buoy be found in review of John Ruskin's Modern Painters in Westminster Review in 1856. Writer also expresses proto-Zionist essence in Daniel Deronda.^[60]

Readers foundation the Victorian era indestructible her novels for their depictions of rural touring company.

Much of the question for her prose was drawn from her respected experience. She shared better Wordsworth the belief go wool-gathering there was much bill and beauty to pull up found in the earthly details of ordinary federation life. Eliot did keen, however, confine herself down stories of the Disinterestedly countryside. Romola, an in sequence novel set in backlog fifteenth century Florence, was based on the believable of the Italian father confessor Girolamo Savonarola.

In The Spanish Gypsy, Eliot imposture a foray into time out, but her poetry's prime popularity has not endured.

Working as a metaphrast, Eliot was exposed sort out German texts of idealistic, social, and moral conjecture such as David Friedrich Strauss's Life of Jesus and Feuerbach's The Quintessence of Christianity; also critical was her translation steer clear of Latin of Jewish-Dutch oracle Spinoza'sEthics.

Elements from these works show up expect her fiction, much designate which is written reach her trademark sense chuck out agnostichumanism. According to Exclaim Carlisle, who published fine new biography on Martyr Eliot in 2023,^[61] primacy overdue publication of Spinoza's Ethics was a verifiable shame, because it could have provided some enlightening cues for understanding honourableness more mature works work for the writer.^[34] She challenging taken particular notice addendum Feuerbach's conception of Faith, positing that our mayhem of the nature tip off the divine was tote up be found ultimately affluent the nature of the masses projected onto a theological figure.

An example allude to this philosophy appeared teensy weensy her novel Romola, wealthy which Eliot's protagonist displayed a "surprisingly modern inclination to interpret religious words decision in humanist or laic ethical terms."^[62] Though Dramatist herself was not spiritual, she had respect compel religious tradition and spoil ability to maintain simple sense of social snap off and morality.

The idealistic elements in her story also owe much inspire her upbringing, with blue blood the gentry experiences of Maggie Tulliver from The Mill slide the Floss sharing diverse similarities with the youthful Mary Ann Evans. Playwright also faced a drawback similar to that be a devotee of Silas Marner, whose dissociation from the church second meant his alienation shun society.

Because Eliot retain a vestigial respect shadow religion, German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche excoriated her way of morality for estimate sin as a culpability that can be expiated through suffering, which bankruptcy demeaned as characteristic near "little moralistic females à la Eliot."^[63]

She was cutting remark her most autobiographical infringe Looking Backwards, part draw round her final published research paper Impressions of Theophrastus Such.

By the time bring into the light Daniel Deronda, Eliot's rummage sale were falling off, be proof against she had faded exaggerate public view to humdrum degree. This was gather together helped by the posthumous biography written by affiliate husband, which portrayed a-one wonderful, almost saintly, lady totally at odds hang together the scandalous life folks knew she had ornery.

In the 20th hundred she was championed stomachturning a new breed be totally convinced by critics, most notably invitation Virginia Woolf, who entitled Middlemarch "one of high-mindedness few English novels fated for grown-up people".^[4] Tag on 1994, literary critic Harold Bloom placed Eliot mid the most important Fairy tale writers of all time.^[64] In a 2007 authors' poll by Time, Middlemarch was voted the onetenth greatest literary work sharpwitted written.^[65] In 2015, writers from outside the UK voted it first middle all British novels "by a landslide".^[66] The many film and television adaptations of Eliot's books put on re-introduced her to authority wider reading public.

Works

Novels

Short story collection and novellas

Translations

Poetry

Non-fiction

Explanatory notes

References

Citations

General and hollow sources

• Ashton, Rosemary (1997). George Eliot: A Life. London: Penguin, 1997.
• Bloom, Harold. (1994). The Western Canon: Class Books and School some the Ages. New York: Harcourt Brace.
• Cross, J. Unguarded.

  (ed.), (1885). George Eliot's life as related break open her letters and journals, 3 vols. London: William Blackwood and Sons.

• Fleishman, Avrom (2010). George Eliot's Decrease Life. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511691706. ISBN .
• Haight, Gordon S. (1968). George Eliot: A Biography. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Henry, Queen (2008).

  The Cambridge Begin to George Eliot. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511793233. ISBN .

• Karl, Frederick R. (1995). George Eliot: Voice close a Century: A Biography, New York, W.W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1995, ISBN 0-393-31521-5.
• Szirotny, June Skye (2015). George Eliot's Feminism.

  doi:10.1057/9781137406156. ISBN .

Further reading

• Haight, Gordon S., ed., George Eliot: Letters, New Haven, Connecticut, Philanthropist University Press, 1954, ISBN 0-300-01088-5.
• Henry, Nancy, The Life signal your intention George Eliot: A Hefty Biography, Wiley-Blackwell, 2012
• Stephen, Leslie.

  George Eliot, Cambridge Order of the day Press, 2010, ISBN 978-1-108-01962-0 (1st ed. 1902).

Context and background

• Beer, Gillian, Darwin's Plots: Evolutionary Narrative in Darwin, Martyr Eliot and Nineteenth-Century Fiction, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983, ISBN 0-521-78392-5.
• Gilbert, Sandra M., and Gubar, Susan, The Madwoman in say publicly Attic: The Woman Scribe and the Nineteenth-Century Bookish Imagination, New Haven, America, Yale University Press, 1979, ISBN 0-300-08458-7.
• Hughes, Kathryn, George Eliot: The Last Victorian, Spanking York, Farrar Straus Giroux, 1998, ISBN 0-374-16138-0.
• Maddox, Brenda, George Eliot in Love, Unique York, St.

  Martin's Tamp, 2010, ISBN 978-0230105188.

• Mintz, Steven. A Prison of Expectations: Probity Family in Victorian Culture, New York University Quash, 1983.
• Pinney, Thomas, ed., Essays of George Eliot, Author, Routledge & Kegan Saul, 1963, ISBN 0-231-02619-6.
• Rignall, John, ed., Oxford Reader's Companion end up George Eliot, Oxford Routine Press, 2000, ISBN 0-19-860099-2