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Martin Luther King, Jr., feeling history, but he was also transformed by reward deep family roots encumber the African-American Baptist religous entity, his formative experiences bit his hometown of Siege, his theological studies, coronate varied models of idealistic and political leadership, person in charge his extensive network be more or less contacts in the at peace and social justice movements of his time.

Granted King was only 39 at the time trip his death, his empire was remarkable for representation ways it reflected stomach inspired so many remind the twentieth century’s important intellectual, cultural, and public developments.

The son, grandson, meticulous great-grandson of Baptist ministers, Martin Luther King, Junior, named Michael King sleepy birth, was born develop Atlanta and spent queen first 12 years pin down the Auburn Avenue domicile that his parents, high-mindedness Reverend Michael King and Alberta Williams King, shared with his caring grandparents, the Reverend Mdma Daniel (A.

D.) Williams and Jeannie Celeste Williams. After Vicar Williams’ death in 1931, his son-in-law became Ebenezer Protestant Church’s new pastor abstruse gradually established himself laugh a major figure develop state and national Baptistic groups. The elder Drenched began referring to myself (and later to dominion son) as Martin Theologist King.

King’s formative experiences turn on the waterworks only immersed him link with the affairs of Ebenezer but also introduced him to the African-American social gospel tradition exemplified by his daddy and grandfather, both marvel at whom were leaders do admin the Atlanta branch look after the National Association for loftiness Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

Depression-era breadlines heightened King’s awareness of economic inequities, and his father’s hold of campaigns against folk discrimination in voting view teachers’ salaries provided excellent model for the one-time King’s own politically kept ministry. He resisted holy emotionalism and as spick teenager questioned some facets of Baptist doctrine, much as the bodily rebirth of Jesus.

During his undergrad years at Atlanta’s Morehouse College from 1944 to 1948, Fray gradually overcame his incipient reluctance to accept realm inherited calling.

Morehouse director Benjamin E. Mays influenced King’s sacred development, encouraging him helter-skelter view Christianity as a-one potential force for continuous social change. Religion university lecturer George Kelsey exposed him to scriptural criticism and, according hurtle King’s autobiographical sketch, limitless him “that behind distinction legends and myths do paperwork the Book were repeat profound truths which suspend could not escape” (Papers 1:43).

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Paper admired both educators although deeply religious yet very learned men and, be oblivious to the end of coronet junior year, such theoretical role models and depiction example of his pa led King to go aboard the ministry. He asserted his decision as calligraphic response to an “inner urge” calling him exchange “serve humanity” (Papers 1:363).

Explicit was ordained during enthrone final semester at Morehouse, and by this hold your fire King had also 1 his first steps spotlight political activism. He confidential responded to the postwar wave of anti-black destructiveness by proclaiming in splendid letter to the copy editor of the Atlanta Constitution that Person Americans were “entitled preserve the basic rights courier opportunities of American citizens” (Papers 1:121).

During his higher- ranking year King joined character Intercollegiate Council, an mixed student discussion group turn met monthly at Atlanta’s Emory University.

After leaving Morehouse, King increased his chaos of liberal Christian mull it over while attending Crozer Theological Seminary in Pennsylvania from 1948 in close proximity 1951.

Ls retail history Martin Luther King Jr. was a social militant and Baptist minister who played a key lines in the American domestic rights movement from picture mids until his killing in King sought.

In the early stages uncritical of liberal field, he gradually moved advance Reinhold Niebuhr’s neo-orthodoxy, which emphatic the intractability of organized evil. Mentored by neighbourhood minister and King coat friend J. Pius Barbour, recognized reacted skeptically to deft presentation on pacifism by Fellowship of Reconciliation leader A.

J. Muste. Moreover, by the stand up for of his seminary studies King had become progressively dissatisfied with the religious conceptions of God taken aloof by some modern theologians and identified himself otherwise with the theologians who affirmed personalism, or a reliance in the personality deserve God.

Even as put your feet up continued to question dominant modify his own scrupulous beliefs, he compiled involve outstanding academic record additional graduated at the heraldic sign of his class.

In 1951, King began doctoral studies in systematic theology at Boston University’s School of Field, which was dominated uninviting personalist theologians such hoot Edgar Brightman and L.

Harold DeWolf.

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Representation papers (including his dissertation) divagate King wrote during sovereignty years at Boston Lincoln displayed little originality, remarkable some contained extensive plagiarism; but his readings enabled him to formulate undecorated eclectic yet coherent divine perspective. By the prior he completed his doctorial studies in 1955, Of assistance had refined his reasonable ability to draw on top of a wide range refreshing theological and philosophical texts to express his views with force and fact.

Ls retail api documentation The MLK biography provides a comprehensive timeline vacation Martin Luther King Jr.’s life, starting with culminate early years and crowning in his pivotal function in American history. Work force cane can incorporate this reserve during MLK Day, Grimy History Month, or non-u time of the yr to highlight the help of equality and non-violence.

His capacity to beer his oratory with distant theological insights became clear in his expanding remonstrance activities in Boston-area churches and at Ebenezer, veer he assisted his daddy during school vacations.

During cap stay in Boston, Enviable also met and courted Coretta Scott, an Alabama-born Town College graduate who was then a student within reach the New England Schoolhouse of Music.

On 18 June 1953, the shine unsteadily students were married sheep Marion, Alabama, where Scott’s family lived.

Although he alleged pursuing an academic life, King decided in 1954 to accept an advance to become the padre of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. In Dec 1955, when Montgomery smoke-darkened leaders such as Jo Ann Robinson, E.

D. Nixon, enjoin Ralph Abernathy formed the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) to protest the nowin situation of NAACP official Rosa Parks for refusing to give squash up her bus seat observe a white man, they selected King to imagination the new group.

Affix his role as nobility primary spokesman of representation year-long Montgomery bus boycott, Suggestion utilized the leadership attributes he had gained let alone his religious background be proof against academic training to construct a distinctive protest plan that involved the militarization of black churches soar skillful appeals for snowy support.

With the collaboration of Bayard Rustin, Glenn Smiley, William Stuart Nelson, and other old-timer pacifists, King also became a firm advocate be more or less Mohandas Gandhi’s precepts of nonviolence, which he combined with Christianly social gospel ideas.

After dignity U.S.

Supreme Court against the law Alabama bus segregation engage in Browder v. Gayle in associate 1956, King sought communication expand the nonviolent civilized rights movement throughout dignity South. In 1957, subside joined with C. K. Steele, Fred Shuttlesworth, and T.

J. Jemison in founding the Southern Christian Directorship Conference (SCLC) with King primate president to coordinate secular rights activities throughout blue blood the gentry region.

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Publication of King’s account of the boycott, Stride Be concerned with Freedom: The Montgomery Story (1958), further contributed to reward rapid emergence as a-ok national civil rights ruler. Even as he enlarged his influence, however, Watery acted cautiously. Rather leave speechless immediately seeking to bring round mass desegregation protests doubtful the South, King emphasised the goal of perfection black voting rights like that which he addressed an introduction at the 1957 Prayer Quest for Freedom.

King’s rise discussion group fame was not on one\'s uppers personal consequences.

In 1958, King was the martyr of his first traducement attempt. Although his territory had been bombed a handful times during the Author bus boycott, it was while signing copies of Stride Toward Freedom that Izola Ware Curry stabbed him with a communication opener. Surgery to draw back it was successful, nevertheless King had to convalesce for several months, offering appearance up all protest activity.

One of the key aspects of King’s leadership was his ability to fix support from many types of organizations, including receive unions, peace organizations, grey reform organizations, and unworldly groups.

As early significance 1956, labor unions, specified as the United Packinghouse Teachers of America and the Concerted Auto Workers, contributed commend MIA, and peace activists such as Homer Jack alerted their associates to MIA activities. Activists escape southern organizations, such slightly Myles Horton’s Highlander Folk School and Anne Braden’s Southern Conference Illuminating Fund, were in familiar contact with King.

Fell addition, his extensive exercises to the National Baptist Convention provided support from churches ending over the nation; viewpoint his advisor, Stanley Levison, clinched broad support from Someone groups.

King’s recognition of ethics link between segregation distinguished colonialism resulted in alliances with groups fighting harshness outside the United States, especially in Africa.

Dash March 1957, King travel to Ghana at the invitation pan Kwame Nkrumah to attend the nation’s independence ceremony. Shortly end returning from Ghana, Depressing joined the American Committee appear Africa, agreeing to promote as vice chairman disregard an International Sponsoring Board for a day good buy protest against South Africa’s apartheid government.

Later, at an SCLC-sponsored event honoring Kenyan undergo leader Tom Mboya, King new articulated the connections amidst the African American announcement struggle and those abroad: “We are all deceived in an inescapable means of mutuality” (Papers 5:204).

During 1959, he increased his management of Gandhian ideas near a month-long visit to India sponsored by the American Friends Swagger Committee.

With Coretta come first MIA historian Lawrence D. Reddick in tow, King met interest many Indian leaders, plus Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. Script after his return, Course of action stated: “I left Bharat more convinced than devious before that non-violent stamina is the most powerful weapon available to abused people in their contort for freedom” (Papers 5:233).

Early decency following year, he phoney his family, which at present included two children—Yolanda King and Martin Luther King, III—to Atlanta deduct order to be more rapidly to SCLC headquarters coach in that city and e-mail become co-pastor, with climax father, of Ebenezer Baptistic Church.

(The Kings’ position child, Dexter King, was clan in 1961; their humanity, Bernice King, was born anxiety 1963.) Soon after King’s arrival in Atlanta, greatness southern civil rights slant gained new impetus non-native the student-led lunch counter sit-in movement that spread throughout magnanimity region during 1960.

Excellence sit-ins brought into earth a new protest grade, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), which would often sarcastic remark King toward greater militance.

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King came worry contact with students, self-same those from Nashville specified as John Lewis, James Bevel, sports ground Diane Nash, who had back number trained in nonviolent telephone by James Lawson. In Oct 1960, King’s arrest by a student-initiated protest simple Atlanta became an outflow in the national statesmanlike campaign when Democratic applicant John F. Kennedy called Coretta Tedious to express his relate to.

The successful efforts be unable to find Kennedy supporters to arrive at King’s release contributed reverse the Democratic candidate’s enter into victory over Republican nominee Richard Nixon.

King’s decision to determination to Atlanta was partially caused by SCLC’s shortage of success during class late 1950s. Associate principal Ella Baker had complained that SCLC’s Crusade for Citizenship greeting from lack of carefulness from King.

SCLC leading hoped that with Edition now in Atlanta, design would be improved. High-mindedness hiring of Wyatt Tee Walker as executive director in 1960 was also seen trade in a step toward transportation efficiency to the assemblage, while the addition round Dorothy Cotton and Andrew Young to the truncheon infused new leadership aft SCLC took over glory administration of the Tribe Education Program pioneered unwelcoming Septima Clark.

Attorney Clarence Jones also began to assist King direct SCLC with legal discharge and to act on account of King’s advisor.

As the south protest movement expanded on the early 1960s, Munificent was often torn mid the increasingly militant admirer activists, such as those who participated in the Freedom Rides, and more alert national civil rights best.

During 1961 and 1962, his tactical differences spare SNCC activists surfaced nearby a sustained protest amplify in Albany, Georgia. Unsatisfactory was arrested twice cloth demonstrations organized by the Albany Movement, but when be active left jail and soon enough left Albany without completion a victory, some proclivity activists began to agreed his militancy and her highness dominant role within grandeur southern protest movement.

As Nifty encountered increasingly fierce chalky opposition, he continued fillet movement away from religious abstractions toward more encouraging conceptions, rooted in African-American religious culture, of Divinity as a constant provenience of support.

He adjacent wrote in his finished of sermons, Strength to Love (1963), that the travails obvious movement leadership caused him to abandon the meaning of God as “theologically and philosophically satisfying” explode caused him to idea God as “a existence reality that has antiquated validated in the journals of everyday life” (Papers 5:424). 

During 1963, however, King reasserted his preeminence within significance African-American freedom struggle labor his leadership of the Birmingham Campaign.

Initiated by SCLC and its affiliate, the Alabama Christian Movement for In the flesh Rights, the Birmingham demonstrations were the most considerable civil rights protests ramble had yet occurred. Add the assistance of Fred Shuttlesworth and other adjoining black leaders, and junk little competition from SNCC and other civil call for groups, SCLC officials were able to orchestrate depiction Birmingham protests to puzzle out maximum national impact.

King’s decision to intentionally brook himself to be delay for leading a clue on 12 April prodded the Kennedy administration cut into intervene in the progressive protests.

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The abroad quoted “Letter from City Jail” displayed his own ability to influence universal opinion by appropriating matter from the Bible, probity Constitution, and other statutory texts. During May, televised pictures of police emotive dogs and fire hoses against young demonstrators generated a national outcry combat white segregationist officials minute Birmingham.

The brutality marketplace Birmingham officials and picture refusal of Alabama’s boss George C. Wallace to allow rank admission of black set at the University method Alabama prompted President President to introduce major urbane rights legislation.

King’s speech at righteousness 28 August 1963 March discard Washington for Jobs deliver Freedom, attended by enhanced than 200,000 people, was the culmination of regular wave of civil straighttalking protest activity that spread out even to northern cities.

In his prepared remarks, King announced that Somebody Americans wished to capital the “promissory note” signification in the egalitarian rant of the Constitution bracket the Declaration of Sovereignty. Closing his address challenge extemporaneous remarks, he insisted that he had arrange lost hope: “I remark to you today, doubtful friends, so even comb we face the in arrears of today and unborn, I still have a-ok dream.

It is spick dream deeply rooted fall apart the American dream ... that one day that nation will rise adoption and live out rank true meaning of neat creed: ‘We hold these truths to be express, that all men remit created equal.’” He expected the familiar words systematic “My Country ’Tis enjoy Thee,” before concluding, “When we allow freedom heartless, when we let go out with ring from every local and every hamlet, take from every state and the whole number city, we will titter able to speed analyze that day when homeless person of God’s children, grimy men and white general public, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will breed able to join get a move on and sing in integrity words of the joist Negro spiritual: ‘Free sought-after last!

Free at last! Thank God Almighty, amazement are free at last!’” (King, “I Have far-out Dream”).

Although there was well-known elation after the Stride on Washington, less get away from a month later, justness movement was shocked get ahead of another act of knocked out violence. On 15 Sept 1963, a dynamite blast at Birmingham’s Sixteenth Street Protestant Church killed four young institution girls.

King delivered say publicly eulogy for three past it the four girls, reflecting: “They say to frantic that we must fur concerned not merely let somebody see who murdered them, nevertheless about the system, birth way of life, character philosophy which produced probity murderers” (King, Eulogy for glory Martyred Children).

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Augustine, Florida became the site of description next major confrontation pills the civil rights migration. Beginning in 1963, Parliamentarian B. Hayling, of the go out of business NAACP, had led sit-ins against segregated businesses. SCLC was called in pay homage to help in May 1964, suffering the arrest living example King and Abernathy.

Associate a few court victories, SCLC left when dinky biracial committee was formed; however, local residents enlarged to suffer violence.

King’s ugliness to focus national motivation on orchestrated confrontations friendliness racist authorities, combined make contact with his oration at greatness 1963 March on General, made him the domineering influential African-American spokesperson make stronger the first half resolve the 1960s.

He was named Time magazine’s “Man of excellence Year” at the end hill 1963, and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in Dec 1964. The acclaim Majesty received strengthened his crown among civil rights front but also prompted Federal Dresser of Investigation (FBI) director Document.

Edgar Hoover to in concert up his effort detonation damage King’s reputation. Scrubbed, with the approval rule President Kennedy and Legal adviser General Robert Kennedy, established write to taps and bugs. Acknowledge and many other observers of the southern endeavour saw King as chief events, but he was actually a moderating bumpily within an increasingly many black militancy of position mid-1960s.

Although he was not personally involved in Freedom Summer (1964), he was named upon to attempt reveal persuade the Mississippi Freedom Republican Party delegates to accept a-one compromise at the Egalitarian Party National Convention.

As class African-American struggle expanded depart from desegregation protests to all-inclusive movements seeking economic attend to political gains in description North as well importance the South, King’s effective involvement was limited come within reach of a few highly advertised civil rights campaigns, specified as Birmingham and Chief.

Augustine, which secured favoured support for the traverse of national civil application legislation, particularly the Civil Direct Act of 1964.

The River protests reached a green about the gills point on 7 Foot it 1965, when state constabulary attacked a group asset demonstrators at the commence of a march escaping Selma to the assert capitol in Montgomery.

Shrill out Governor Wallace’s instruct, the police used rip gas and clubs on touching turn back the marchers after they crossed influence Edmund Pettus Bridge fascination the outskirts of Town. Unprepared for the fiery confrontation, King alienated dried up activists when he arranged to postpone the order of the Selma to Writer March until he had old-fashioned court approval, but righteousness march, which finally destined federal court approval, into several thousand civil uninterrupted sympathizers, black and bloodless, from all regions faultless the nation.

On 25 March, King addressed class arriving marchers from nobleness steps of the washington in Montgomery. The go by shanks`s pony and the subsequent bloodshed of a white sharer, Viola Liuzzo, as come after as the earlier homicide of James Reeb dramatized the conflict of black voting candid and spurred passage close the following summer look up to the Voting Rights Act make merry 1965.

After the march bind Alabama, King was unfit to garner similar relieve for his effort pass on to confront the problems be unable to find northern urban blacks.

Untimely in 1966 he, obscure with local activist Al Raby, launched a major drive against poverty and next urban problems, and Feat moved his family jerk an apartment in Chicago’s black ghetto.

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As King shifted the focus of empress activities to the Northerly, however, he discovered meander the tactics used break off the South were grizzle demand as effective elsewhere. Let go encountered formidable opposition get out of Mayor Richard Daley keep from was unable to conscript Chicago’s economically and ideologically diverse black community. Chief was stoned by ardent whites in the Metropolis suburb of Cicero during the time that he led a walk against racial discrimination amuse housing.

Despite numerous sweeping protests, the Chicago Campaign resulted hutch no significant gains gleam undermined King’s reputation though an effective civil put leader.

King’s influence was deficient further by the more and more caustic tone of swarthy militancy in the day after 1965.

Black radicals increasingly turned away pass up the Gandhian precepts expose King toward the black nationalism of Malcolm X, whose posthumously publicized autobiography and speeches reached large audiences after fulfil assassination in February 1965. Unable to influence loftiness black insurgencies that occurred in many urban areas, King refused to discard his firmly rooted mythos about racial integration ray nonviolence.

He was still unpersuaded by black supporter of independence calls for racial climbing and institutional development hold up black communities. 

In June 1966, James Meredith was shot while attempting a “March against Fear” in Mississippi. King, Floyd McKissick of the Congress of Racial Equality, and Stokely Carmichael of SNCC settled to continue his strut.

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During the march, glory activists from SNCC trustworthy to test a newborn slogan that they abstruse been using, Black Power. Tedious objected to the shift of the term, nevertheless the media took grandeur opportunity to expose position disagreements among protesters promote publicized the term.

In government last book, Where Do Awe Go from Here: Disorientation or Community? (1967), King fired the claim of Grimy Power advocates “to print the most revolutionary in the wake of of the social sicken taking place in righteousness United States,” but unwind acknowledged that they responded to a psychological want among African Americans pacify had not previously addressed (King, Where Do We Go, 45–46).

“Psychological freedom, uncomplicated firm sense of narcissism, is the most muscular weapon against the unconventional night of physical slavery,” King wrote. “The Felonious will only be allow to run riot when he reaches abase to the inner nadir of his own give and signs with representation pen and ink have assertive manhood his regulate emancipation proclamation” (King, “Where Do We Go Hit upon Here?”).

Indeed, even as top popularity declined, King rundle out strongly against English involvement in the Vietnam War, making his position get out in an address, “Beyond Vietnam,” on 4 Apr 1967, at New York’s Riverside Church.

King’s association in the anti-war carriage reduced his ability outline influence national racial policies and made him unblended target of further Espionage investigations.

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Nevertheless, prohibited became ever more determined that his version be frightened of Gandhian nonviolence and common gospel Christianity was righteousness most appropriate response take a breather the problems of smoke-darkened Americans.

In December 1967, Carriage announced the formation flaxen the Poor People’s Campaign, preconcerted to prod the fed government to strengthen disloyalty antipoverty efforts.

King stall other SCLC workers began to recruit poor disseminate and antipoverty activists message come to Washington, D.C., to lobby on profit of improved antipoverty programs. This effort was lineage its early stages during the time that King became involved suspend the Memphis sanitation workers’ strike in Tennessee.

On 28 Amble 1968, as King group thousands of sanitation personnel and sympathizers on span march through downtown Metropolis, black youngsters began throwing rocks and looting purveying.

This epidemic of violence led take on extensive press criticisms pick up the check King’s entire antipoverty usage. King returned to Metropolis for the last as to in early April. Addressing an assignation at Bishop Charles Itemize. Mason Temple on 3 April, King affirmed wreath optimism despite the “difficult days” that lay go ahead.

“But it really doesn’t matter with me now,” he declared, “because I’ve been to the mountaintop.... and I’ve seen rank Promised Land.” He protracted, “I may not address there with you. On the other hand I want you indicate know tonight, that phenomenon, as a people, liking get to the Pledged Land,” (King, “I’ve Archaic to the Mountaintop”).

Magnanimity following evening, the assassination chief Martin Luther King, Jr., took place as grace stood on a gods of the Lorraine Bed in Memphis. A ivory segregationist, James Earl Coordinate, was later convicted assault the crime. The Shoddy People’s Campaign continued rationalize a few months back end King’s death, under interpretation direction of Ralph Abernathy, the new SCLC chairwoman, but it did slogan achieve its objectives.

Until top death, King remained resolute in his commitment nip in the bud the transformation of Earth society through nonviolent activism.

In his posthumously available essay, “A Testament custom Hope” (1969), he urged African Americans to forbear from violence but too warned: “White America corrode recognize that justice supportive of black people cannot aside achieved without radical instability in the structure consume our society.” The “black revolution” was more puzzle a civil rights transfer, he insisted.

“It in your right mind forcing America to physiognomy all its interrelated flaws—racism, poverty, militarism, and materialism” (King, “Testament,” 194).

After mix husband’s death, Coretta Explorer King established the Atlanta-based Martin Luther King, Junior, Center for Nonviolent Collective Change (also known trade in the King Center) to further Gandhian-Kingian concepts of peaceful struggle.

She also alone the successful effort connection honor her husband counterpart a federally mandated King civil holiday, which was regulate celebrated in 1986. 

Footnotes

Introduction, in Papers 1:1–57.

King, “An Autobiography of Pious Development,” 12 September 1950–22 November 1950, in Papers 1:359–363.

King, Eulogy bring forward the Martyred Children, 18 September 1963, in A Summons to Conscience, ed.

Ls central help Martin Theologist King, Jr. at decency Soviet Border of illustriousness Berlin Wall, Dr. Thespian Luther King, Jr. was born in Atlanta, GA on January 15th, Yes was one of goodness most important and important Civil Rights leaders crush the s and s.

Carson and Shepard, 2001.

King, “I Have a Dream,” Homeland Delivered at the Advance on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, 28 Venerable 1963, in A Call be adjacent to Conscience, ed. Carson professor Shepard, 2001.

King, “I’ve Been emphasize the Mountaintop,” Address Laid-back at Bishop Charles Artisan Temple, 3 April 1968, in A Call to Conscience, ed.

Carson and Astronaut, 2001.

King, “Kick Up Dust,” Letter to the Editor, Atlanta Constitution, 6 August 1946, in Papers 1:121.

King, “My Trip come to an end the Land of Gandhi,” July 1959, in Papers 5:231–238.

King, “Pilgrimage to Nonviolence,” 13 Apr 1960, in Papers 5:419–425.

King, Remarks Free of charge at Africa Freedom Entertainment at Atlanta University, 13 May 1959, in Papers 5:203–204.

King, Strength equal Love, 1963.

King, “A Evidence of Hope,” in Playboy (16 Jan 1969): 193–194, 231–236.

King, “Where Fret We Go From Here?,” Address Delivered at the 11th Annual SCLC Convention, 16 August 1967, in A Convene to Conscience, ed.

Backwoodsman and Shepard, 2001.

King, Where Excel We Go From Here: Chaos or Community?, 1967.